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In feminist psychology, the terms womb envy and vagina envy denote the unexpressed anxiety that men may feel in natural envy of the biological functions of the female sex: (pregnancy, parturition, breast feeding) — emotions which could impel their social subordination of women, and to drive themselves to succeed in perpetuating their names via material legacies. Each term is analogous to the concept of female penis envy, derived from the theory of psychosexual development, presented in Freudian psychology; they address the gender role social dynamics underlying the "envy and fascination with the female breasts and lactation, with pregnancy and childbearing, and vagina envy () are clues and signs of transsexualism and to a femininity complex of men, which is defended against by psychological and sociocultural means". ''Womb envy'' denotes the envy men may feel towards a woman's primary role in nurturing and sustaining life. In coining the term, the Neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney (1885–1952) proposed that men experience womb envy more powerfully than women experience penis envy, because "men need to disparage women more than women need to disparage men." As a psychoanalyst, Horney considered womb envy a cultural, psychosocial tendency, like the concept of penis envy, rather than an innate male psychological trait.〔 Furthermore, in ''Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History'' (2000), historian Robert S. McElvaine extended Horney’s argument that womb envy is a powerful, elementary factor in the psychological insecurity suffered by many men. He coined the term ''non-menstrual syndrome'' (NMS), denoting a man's possible insecurity before the biologic and reproductive traits of woman; thus, womb envy may impel men to define their identities in opposition to women. Hence, men who are envious of women's reproductive traits insist that a "real man" must be "not-a-woman", thus they may seek to socially dominate women — what they may or may not do in life — as psychological compensation for what men cannot do biologically.〔McElvaine, Robert S. (2000) ''Eve’s Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History'' McGraw-Hill, New York pp. 72–78.〕 ''Vagina envy'' denotes the envy males may feel towards females for having a vagina. In ''Psychoanalysis and Male Sexuality'' (1966), Hendrik Ruitenbeek relates vagina envy to men’s desire to be able to give birth and to urinate (higher flow rate) and to masturbate in ways physically different from those available to men, and that such psychological envy might produce misogyny in neurotic men.〔Ruitenbeek, Hendrik (1966) ''Psychoanalysis and Male Sexuality'' Rowman & Littlefield, New York p. 144〕 Moreover, in ''Vagina Envy in Men'' (1993), the physician Harold Tarpley elucidates the theoretic differences among the constructs of "vagina envy," "womb envy," "breast envy," and "parturition envy," emotions wherein men suffer envy — "a grudging desire for another's excellence or advantage" — of women's female biologic capabilities of pregnancy, parturition, breast feeding, and of the social-role freedom to physically nurture children. ==See also== *Autogynephilia *Envy *Penis envy 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Womb and vagina envy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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